Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Ch1 Sec1. OVERVIEW 1
Ch1 Sec1.1. Ferret User's Group 2
Ch1 Sec1.2. Ferret Home Page 2
Ch1 Sec2. GETTING STARTED 2
Ch1 Sec2.1. Concepts 3
Ch1 Sec2.1.1. Thinking like a Ferret: 4
Ch1 Sec2.2. Unix command line switches 6
Ch1 Sec2.3. Sample sessions 9
Ch1 Sec2.3.1. Accessing a netCDFdata set 9
Ch1 Sec2.3.2. Reading an ASCII data file 9
Ch1 Sec2.3.3. Using viewports 10
Ch1 Sec2.3.4. Using abstract variables 10
Ch1 Sec2.3.5. Using transformations 11
Ch1 Sec2.3.6. Using algebraic expressions 12
Ch1 Sec2.3.7. Finding the 20-degree isotherm 12
Ch1 Sec3. COMMON COMMANDS 13
Ch1 Sec4. COMMAND SYNTAX 14
Ch1 Sec5. GO FILES 16
Ch1 Sec5.1. Demonstration files 16
Ch1 Sec5.2. GO tools 18
Ch1 Sec5.3. Writing GO tools 23
Ch1 Sec5.3.1. Documenting GO tools 24
Ch1 Sec5.3.2. Preserving the Ferret state in GO tools 24
Ch1 Sec5.3.3. Silent GO tools 24
Ch1 Sec5.3.4. Arguments to GO tools 25
Ch1 Sec5.3.5. Documentation and checking arguments to GO tools 26
Ch1 Sec5.3.6. Flow Control in GO tools 27
Ch1 Sec5.3.7. Debugging GO tools 27
Ch1 Sec6. SAMPLE DATA SETS 28
Ch1 Sec7. UNIX TOOLS 29
Ch1 Sec8. HELP 30
Ch1 Sec8.1. Examples and demonstrations 30
Ch1 Sec8.2. Help from within Ferret 31
Ch1 Sec8.3. Web-based information 31
CHAPTER 2: DATA SET BASICS
Ch2 Sec1. OVERVIEW 33
Ch2 Sec2. NETCDF DATA 34
Ch2 Sec2.1. NetCDF data and strides 35
Ch2 Sec2.2. NetCDF data attributes 36
Ch2 Sec2.3. NetCDF Data with the bounds attribute 36
Ch2 Sec2.4. Multi-file NetCDF data sets 38
Ch2 Sec2.5. Non-standard NetCDF data sets 39
Ch2 Sec2.6. NetCDF and non-standard calendars 40
Ch2 Sec3. TMAP-FORMATTED DATA 41
Ch2 Sec4. BINARY DATA 41
Ch2 Sec4.1. FORTRAN-structured binary files 42
Ch2 Sec4.1.1. Records of uniform length 42
Ch2 Sec4.1.2. Records of non-uniform length 42
Ch2 Sec4.1.3. Fortran binary files, variables on different grids. 43
Ch2 Sec4.2. Stream binary files 44
Ch2 Sec4.2.1. Simple stream files 44
Ch2 Sec4.2.2. Mixed stream files 45
Ch2 Sec4.2.3. Byte-swapped stream files 45
Ch2 Sec5. ASCII DATA 46
Ch2 Sec5.1. Reading ASCII files 46
Ch2 Sec5.2. Reading "DELIMITED" data files 50
Ch2 Sec6. TRICKS TO READING BINARY AND ASCII FILES 54
Ch2 Sec7. ACCESS TO REMOTE DATA SETS WITH DODS 55
Ch2 Sec7.1. What is DODS? 55
Ch2 Sec7.2. Accessing Remote Data Sets 56
Ch2 Sec7.3. Debugging Access to Remote DODS Data Sets 56
Ch2 Sec7.4. Security 57
Ch2 Sec7.5. Sharing Data Sets via DODS 57
Ch2 Sec7.6. DODS caching 57
Ch2 Sec7.7. Proxy servers 58
CHAPTER 3: VARIABLES AND EXPRESSIONS
Ch3 Sec1. Variables 59
Ch3 Sec1.1. Variable syntax 59
Ch3 Sec1.2. File variables 60
Ch3 Sec1.3. Pseudo-variables 61
Ch3 Sec1.3.1. Grids and axes of pseudo-variables 62
Ch3 Sec1.4. User-defined variables 62
Ch3 Sec1.5. Abstract variables 63
Ch3 Sec1.6. Missing value flags 64
Ch3 Sec1.6.1. Missing values in input files 64
Ch3 Sec1.6.2. Missing values in user-defined variables 64
Ch3 Sec1.6.3. Missingvalues in output NetCDF files 65
Ch3 Sec1.6.4. Displaying the missing value flag 65
Ch3 Sec1.7. Returning properties of variables 65
Ch3 Sec1.8. Variable and dataset attributes 65
Ch3 Sec1.8.1. SHOW ATTRIBUTE commands 67
Ch3 Sec1.8.2. Attribute keywords 68
Ch3 Sec1.8.3. Programmatic access to attributes 69
Ch3 Sec1.8.4. Editing attributes 69
Ch3 Sec1.8.5. Output attributes to NetCDF fies 71
Ch3 Sec1.8.6. Output Variables to NetCDF files 72
Ch3 Sec2. EXPRESSIONS 73
Ch3 Sec2.1. Operators 74
Ch3 Sec2.2. Multi-dimensional expressions 75
Ch3 Sec2.3. Functions 76
Ch3 Sec2.3.1. MAX 78
Ch3 Sec2.3.2. MIN 78
Ch3 Sec2.3.3. INT 78
Ch3 Sec2.3.4. ABS 79
Ch3 Sec2.3.5. EXP 79
Ch3 Sec2.3.6. LN 79
Ch3 Sec2.3.7. LOG 79
Ch3 Sec2.3.8. SIN 79
Ch3 Sec2.3.9. COS 79
Ch3 Sec2.3.10. TAN 79
Ch3 Sec2.3.11. ASIN 80
Ch3 Sec2.3.12. ACOS 80
Ch3 Sec2.3.13. ATAN 80
Ch3 Sec2.3.14. ATAN2 80
Ch3 Sec2.3.15. MOD 80
Ch3 Sec2.3.16. DAYS1900 80
Ch3 Sec2.3.17. MISSING 81
Ch3 Sec2.3.18. IGNORE0 81
Ch3 Sec2.3.19. RANDU 81
Ch3 Sec2.3.20. RANDN 81
Ch3 Sec2.3.21. RHO_UN 81
Ch3 Sec2.3.22. THETA_FO 82
Ch3 Sec2.3.23. RESHAPE 82
Ch3 Sec2.3.24. ZAXREPLACE 85
Ch3 Sec2.3.25. XSEQUENCE, YSEQUENCE, ZSEQUENCE, TSEQUENCE 86
Ch3 Sec2.3.26. FFTA 86
Ch3 Sec2.3.27. FFTP 87
Ch3 Sec2.3.28. SAMPLEI 88
Ch3 Sec2.3.29. SAMPLEJ 89
Ch3 Sec2.3.30. SAMPLEK 89
Ch3 Sec2.3.31. SAMPLEL 90
Ch3 Sec2.3.32. SAMPLEIJ 90
Ch3 Sec2.3.33. SAMPLET_DATE 91
Ch3 Sec2.3.34. SAMPLEXY 92
Ch3 Sec2.3.35. SAMPLEXY_CLOSEST 93
Ch3 Sec2.3.36. SAMPLEXY_CURV 94
Ch3 Sec2.3.37. SCAT2GRIDGAUSS_XY 95
Ch3 Sec2.3.38. SCAT2GRIDGAUSS_XZ 97
Ch3 Sec2.3.39. SCAT2GRIDGAUSS_YZ 98
Ch3 Sec2.3.40. SCAT2GRIDLAPLACE_XY 99
Ch3 Sec2.3.41. SCAT2GRIDLAPLACE_XZ 101
Ch3 Sec2.3.42. SCAT2GRIDLAPLACE_YZ 101
Ch3 Sec2.3.43. SORTI 102
Ch3 Sec2.3.44. SORTJ 103
Ch3 Sec2.3.45. SORTK 103
Ch3 Sec2.3.46. SORTL 103
Ch3 Sec2.3.47. TAUTO_COR 104
Ch3 Sec2.3.48. XAUTO_COR 104
Ch3 Sec2.3.49. TAX_DATESTRING 105
Ch3 Sec2.3.50. TAX_DAY 106
Ch3 Sec2.3.51. TAX_DAYFRAC 107
Ch3 Sec2.3.52. TAX_JDAY 108
Ch3 Sec2.3.53. TAX_MONTH 109
Ch3 Sec2.3.54. TAX_UNITS 110
Ch3 Sec2.3.55. TAX_YEAR 110
Ch3 Sec2.3.56. TAX_YEARFRAC 111
Ch3 Sec2.4. Transformations 112
Ch3 Sec2.4.1. General information about transformations 113
Ch3 Sec2.4.2. Transformations applied to irregular regions 114
Ch3 Sec2.4.3. General information about smoothing transformations 115
Ch3 Sec2.4.4. @DIN—definite integral 116
Ch3 Sec2.4.5. @IIN—indefinite integral 117
Ch3 Sec2.4.6. @AVE—average 118
Ch3 Sec2.4.7. VAR—weighted variance 119
Ch3 Sec2.4.8. MIN—minimum 120
Ch3 Sec2.4.9. @MAX—maximum 120
Ch3 Sec2.4.10. @SHF:n—shift 120
Ch3 Sec2.4.11. @SBX:n—boxcar smoother 120
Ch3 Sec2.4.12. @SBN:n—binomial smoother 121
Ch3 Sec2.4.13. @SHN:n—Hanning smoother 121
Ch3 Sec2.4.14. @SPZ:n—Parzen smoother 122
Ch3 Sec2.4.15. @SWL:n—Welch smoother 122
Ch3 Sec2.4.16. @DDC—centered derivative 122
Ch3 Sec2.4.17. @DDF—forward derivative 122
Ch3 Sec2.4.18. @DDB—backward derivative 123
Ch3 Sec2.4.19. @NGD—number of good points 123
Ch3 Sec2.4.20. @NBD—number of bad points 123
Ch3 Sec2.4.21. @SUM—unweighted sum 123
Ch3 Sec2.4.22. @RSUM—running unweighted sum 124
Ch3 Sec2.4.23. @FAV:n—averaging filler 124
Ch3 Sec2.4.24. @FLN:n—linear interpolation filler 124
Ch3 Sec2.4.25. @FNR—nearest neighbor filler 125
Ch3 Sec2.4.26. @LOC—location of 125
Ch3 Sec2.4.27. @WEQ—weighted equal; integration kernel 125
Ch3 Sec2.4.28. @ITP—interpolate 128
Ch3 Sec2.4.29. @CDA—closest distance above 129
Ch3 Sec2.4.30. @CDB—closest distance below 129
Ch3 Sec2.4.31. @CIA—closest index above 130
Ch3 Sec2.4.32. @CIB—closest index below 131
Ch3 Sec2.5. IF-THEN logic ("masking") 133
Ch3 Sec2.6. Lists of constants ("constant arrays") 133
Ch3 Sec3. EMBEDDED EXPRESSIONS 135
Ch3 Sec3.1. Special calculations using embedded expressions 136
Ch3 Sec4. DEFINING NEW VARIABLES 143
Ch3 Sec4.1. Global, local, and default variable definitions 143
Ch3 Sec5. DEBUGGING COMPLEX HIERARCHIES OF EXPRESSIONS 144
CHAPTER 4: GRIDS AND REGIONS
Ch4 Sec1. OVERVIEW 145
Ch4 Sec2. GRIDS 145
Ch4 Sec2.1. Defining grids 145
Ch4 Sec2.2. Time axes and calendars 146
Ch4 Sec2.3. Dynamic grids and axes 148
Ch4 Sec2.3.1. Dynamic grids 148
Ch4 Sec2.3.2. Dynamic axes 151
Ch4 Sec2.3.3. Dynamic pseudo-variables 152
Ch4 Sec2.4. Regridding 153
Ch4 Sec2.4.1. Regridding transformations 154
Ch4 Sec2.5. Modulo regridding 159
Ch4 Sec2.5.1. Modulo regridding statistics 162
Ch4 Sec3. REGIONS 162
Ch4 Sec3.1. Latitude 163
Ch4 Sec3.2. Longitude 164
Ch4 Sec3.3. Depth 164
Ch4 Sec3.4. Time 164
Ch4 Sec3.5. Delta 165
Ch4 Sec3.6. @ notation 165
Ch4 Sec3.7. Modulo axes 167
Ch4 Sec3.7.1. Subspan Modulo Axes 168
Ch4 Sec3.8. Region Conflicts 171
Ch4 Sec4. Ferret Program Limits 171
CHAPTER 5: ANIMATIONS AND GIF IMAGES
Ch5 Sec1. OVERVIEW 175
Ch5 Sec1.1. Animating on the fly 175
Ch5 Sec1.2. Note on using whirlgif to make a movie 175
Ch5 Sec2. CREATING AN HDF MOVIE 176
Ch5 Sec3. DISPLAYING AN HDF MOVIE 177
Ch5 Sec4. ADVANCED MOVIE-MAKING 177
Ch5 Sec4.1. REPEAT command 177
Ch5 Sec4.1.1. Initializing the color table 179
Ch5 Sec4.1.2. Making movies in batch mode 179
Ch5 Sec5. CREATING GIF IMAGES 180
Ch5 Sec6. CREATING MPEG ANIMATIONS 180
CHAPTER 6: CUSTOMIZING PLOTS
Ch6 Sec1. OVERVIEW 183
Ch6 Sec2. GRAPHICAL OUTPUT 184
Ch6 Sec2.1. Ferret graphical output controls 184
Ch6 Sec2.2. PPLUS graphical output commands 185
Ch6 Sec3. AXES 185
Ch6 Sec3.1. Ferret axis formatting 186
Ch6 Sec3.2. PPLUS axis commands 186
Ch6 Sec3.3. Overlaying symbols on a time axis 189
Ch6 Sec4. LABELS 191
Ch6 Sec4.1. Adding labels 191
Ch6 Sec4.2. Listing labels 193
Ch6 Sec4.3. Removing movable labels 194
Ch6 Sec4.4. Axis labels and title 194
Ch6 Sec4.5. Ferret label controls 195
Ch6 Sec4.6. PPLUS label commands 195
Ch6 Sec4.7. Positioning labels relative to other plot elements 197
Ch6 Sec4.8. Positioning labels using the mouse pointer 198
Ch6 Sec4.9. Labeling details with arrows and text 199
Ch6 Sec5. COLOR 199
Ch6 Sec5.1. Text and line colors 200
Ch6 Sec5.1.1. Ferret color controls for lines 200
Ch6 Sec5.1.2. PPLUS text and line color commands 201
Ch6 Sec5.2. Shade and fill colors 203
Ch6 Sec5.2.1. Ferret shade and fill color controls 205
Ch6 Sec5.2.2. PPLUS shade color commands 206
Ch6 Sec6. FONTS 207
Ch6 Sec6.1. Ferret font and text color 207
Ch6 Sec6.2. PPLUS font and text color commands 207
Ch6 Sec7. PLOT LAYOUT 209
Ch6 Sec7.1. Ferret layout controls 209
Ch6 Sec7.1.1. Viewports 209
Ch6 Sec7.1.2. Pre-defined viewports 210
Ch6 Sec7.1.3. Advanced usage of viewports 211
Ch6 Sec7.1.4. Viewport Symbols 211
Ch6 Sec7.2. PPLUS layout commands 211
Ch6 Sec7.3. Controlling the white space around plots 212
Ch6 Sec8. CONTOURING 213
Ch6 Sec8.1. Ferret contour controls 213
Ch6 Sec8.1.1. /LEVELS qualifier 213
Ch6 Sec8.1.2. /PEN, /SIZE, /SIGDIG, /SPACING qualifiers 216
Ch6 Sec8.2. PPLUS contour commands 217
Ch6 Sec9. Special symbols 219
Ch6 Sec10. Map Projections and Curvilinear Coordinates 222
Ch6 Sec10.1. Three-argument (curvilinear) version of SHADE, FILL, CONTOUR, and VECTOR 222
Ch6 Sec10.2. Gridded data sets on curvilinear coordinates 224
Ch6 Sec10.3. Layered (sigma) coordinates 224
Ch6 Sec10.4. Map Projections 225
Ch6 Sec10.4.1. Using Map Projection scripts 225
Ch6 Sec10.4.2. Overlays with Map Projections 226
Ch6 Sec10.4.3. Map Projection scripts 227
CHAPTER 7: HANDLING STRING DATA: STRING VARIABLES AND "SYMBOLS"
Ch7 Sec1. String variables 229
Ch7 Sec1.1. String arrays 229
Ch7 Sec2. String functions 230
Ch7 Sec2.1. STRCMP(string1, string2) 230
Ch7 Sec2.2. STRLEN(string1) 230
Ch7 Sec2.3. UPCASE(string1) 231
Ch7 Sec2.4. DNCASE(string1) 231
Ch7 Sec2.5. STRINDEX(string1, substring) 231
Ch7 Sec2.6. STRRINDEX(string1, substring) 231
Ch7 Sec2.7. SUBSTRING(string1, offset, len) 231
Ch7 Sec2.8. STRCAT(string1, str2) 232
Ch7 Sec2.9. STRFLOAT(string1) 232
Ch7 Sec2.10. LABWID(string, charsize) 232
Ch7 Sec2.11. SPAWN command 233
Ch7 Sec2.12. Algebraic operations with string variables. 233
Ch7 Sec2.12.1. Logical operators with strings 233
Ch7 Sec2.12.2. Shift transformation of string arrays 234
Ch7 Sec2.12.3. Strings in IF-THEN-ELSE 234
Ch7 Sec2.12.4. String concatenation with "+": 234
Ch7 Sec2.12.5. Strings as Function arguments 235
Ch7 Sec2.12.6. Regridding string arrays 235
Ch7 Sec2.13. NetCDF input and output of string data 236
Ch7 Sec3. Symbol commanDS 236
Ch7 Sec4. AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED SYMBOLS 237
Ch7 Sec5. USE WITH EMBEDDED EXPRESSIONS 238
Ch7 Sec6. ORDER OF STRING SUBSTITUTIONS 238
Ch7 Sec7. CUSTOMIZING THE POSITION AND STYLE OF PLOT LABELS 239
Ch7 Sec8. USING SYMBOLS IN COMMAND FILES 239
Ch7 Sec9. PLOT+ STRING EDITING TOOLS 240
Ch7 Sec10. SYMBOL EDITING 240
Ch7 Sec11. SPECIAL SYMBOLS 242
CHAPTER 8: WORKING WITH SPECIAL DATA SETS
Ch8 Sec1. WHAT IS NON-GRIDDED DATA? 243
Ch8 Sec2. POINT DATA 243
Ch8 Sec2.1. Getting point data into Ferret 244
Ch8 Sec2.2. How point data is structured in Ferret 244
Ch8 Sec2.2.1. Working with dates 245
Ch8 Sec2.3. Subsampling gridded fields onto point locations and times 245
Ch8 Sec2.4. Defining gridded variables from point data 246
Ch8 Sec2.5. Visualization techniques for point data 246
Ch8 Sec3. VERTICAL PROFILES 247
Ch8 Sec3.1. How collections of profiles are structured in Ferret 247
Ch8 Sec3.2. Getting profile data into Ferret 248
Ch8 Sec3.3. Defining vertical sections from profiles 249
Ch8 Sec3.4. Visualization and analysis techniques for profile sections 250
Ch8 Sec3.5. Subsampling gridded fields onto profile coordinates 250
Ch8 Sec4. COLLECTIONS OF TIME SERIES 250
Ch8 Sec5. COLLECTIONS OF 2-DIMENSIONAL GRIDS 251
Ch8 Sec6. LAGRANGIAN DATA 251
Ch8 Sec6.1. Visualization techniques for Lagrangian data 251
Ch8 Sec7. SIGMA COORDINATE DATA 251
Ch8 Sec7.1. Visualization techniques for sigma coordinate data 252
Ch8 Sec7.2. Analysis techniques for sigma coordinate data 252
Ch8 Sec8. CURVILINEAR COORDINATE DATA 252
Ch8 Sec8.1. Visualization techniques for curvilinear coordinate data 254
Ch8 Sec8.2. Analysis techniques for curvilinear coordinate data 255
Ch8 Sec9. POLYGONAL DATA 255
Ch8 Sec9.1. Visualization techniques for polygonal data 255
Ch8 Sec9.2. Analysis techniques for polygonal data 255
CHAPTER 9: COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT
Ch9 Sec1. SETTING UP TO RUN FERRET 257
Ch9 Sec2. FILES AND ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES USED BY FERRET 258
Ch9 Sec3. MEMORY USE 259
Ch9 Sec4. HARD COPY AND METAFILE TRANSLATION 260
Ch9 Sec4.1. Hard copy: postscript output 260
Ch9 Sec4.2. Metafile translation 262
Ch9 Sec4.3. Hard Copy: gif files 263
Ch9 Sec5. OUTPUT FILE NAMING 263
Ch9 Sec6. INPUT FILE NAMING 264
Ch9 Sec6.1. Relative version numbers 264
CHAPTER 10: CONVERTING TO NETCDF
Ch10 Sec1. OVERVIEW 267
Ch10 Sec2. SIMPLE CONVERSIONS USING FERRET 267
Ch10 Sec3. WRITING A CONVERSION PROGRAM 269
Ch10 Sec3.1. Creating a CDL file with Ferret 270
Ch10 Sec3.2. The CDL file 270
Ch10 Sec3.2.1. Dimensions 271
Ch10 Sec3.2.2. Variables 271
Ch10 Sec3.2.3. Data 273
Ch10 Sec3.3. Standardized NetCDF attributes 275
Ch10 Sec3.4. Directing data to a CDF file 276
Ch10 Sec3.5. Advanced NetCDF procedures 278
Ch10 Sec3.5.1. Staggered grid 279
Ch10 Sec3.5.2. Hyperslabs 279
Ch10 Sec3.5.3. Unevenly spaced coordinates 280
Ch10 Sec3.5.4. Evenly spaced coordinates (long axes) 281
Ch10 Sec3.5.5. "Modulo" axes 281
Ch10 Sec3.5.6. Reversed-coordinate axes 282
Ch10 Sec3.5.7. Converting time word data to numerical data 282
Ch10 Sec3.6. Example CDL file 282
Ch10 Sec4. CREATING A MULTI-FILE NETCDF DATA SET 289
Ch10 Sec4.1. Tools for making descriptor files 291
Ch10 Sec4.2. Example descriptor file 291
CHAPTER 11: WRITING EXTERNAL FUNCTIONS
Ch11 Sec1. OVERVIEW 293
Ch11 Sec2. GETTING STARTED 293
Ch11 Sec2.1. Getting example/development code 294
Ch11 Sec3. QUICK START EXAMPLE 294
Ch11 Sec3.1. The times2bad20 function 294
Ch11 Sec4. ANATOMY OF AN EXTERNAL FUNCTION 295
Ch11 Sec4.1. The ~_init subroutine (required) 296
Ch11 Sec4.2. The ~_compute subroutine (required) 297
Ch11 Sec4.3. The ~_work_size subroutine
(required when work arrays are defined) 298
Ch11 Sec4.4. The ~_result_limits subroutine
(required if result has a custom
or abstract axis) 299
Ch11 Sec4.5. The ~_custom_axes subroutine
(required if result has a custom
axis) 299
Ch11 Sec5. NOTES AND SUGGESTIONS 301
Ch11 Sec5.1. Inheriting axes 301
Ch11 Sec5.2. Loop indices 302
Ch11 Sec5.3. Reduced axes 304
Ch11 Sec5.4. String Arguments 305
Ch11 Sec6. UTILITY FUNCTIONS 306
Ch11 Sec6.1. EF_Util.cmn 306
Ch11 Sec6.2. Available utility functions 307
Ch11 Sec6.2.1. ef_set_desc(id, desc) 308
Ch11 Sec6.2.2. ef_set_num_args(id, num) 308
Ch11 Sec6.2.3. ef_set_axis_inheritance(id, Xsrc, Ysrc, Zsrc, Tsrc) 308
Ch11 Sec6.2.4. ef_set_piecemeal_ok(id, Xyn, Yyn, Zyn, Tyn) 309
Ch11 Sec6.2.5. ef_set_arg_name(id, arg, name) 309
Ch11 Sec6.2.6. ef_set_arg_desc(id, arg, desc) 309
Ch11 Sec6.2.7. ef_set_arg_unit(id, arg, unit) 309
Ch11 Sec6.2.8. ef_set_arg_type(id, arg, type) 310
Ch11 Sec6.2.9. ef_set_axis_extend(id, arg, axis, lo_amt, hi_amt) 310
Ch11 Sec6.2.10. ef_set_axis_influence(id, arg, Xyn, Yyn, Zyn, Tyn) 310
Ch11 Sec6.2.11. ef_set_axis_reduction(id, Xred, Yred, Zred, Tred) 311
Ch11 Sec6.2.12. ef_set_axis_limits(id, axis, lo, hi) 311
Ch11 Sec6.2.13. ef_set_custom_axis(id, axis, lo, hi, delta, unit, modulo) 311
Ch11 Sec6.2.14. ef_set_num_work_arrays(id, nwork) 312
Ch11 Sec6.2.15. ef_set_work_array_dims(id, iarray, xlo, ylo, zlo, tlo, xhi, yhi, zhi, thi) 312
Ch11 Sec6.2.16. ef_get_res_subscripts(id, res_lo_ss, res_hi_ss, res_incr) 312
Ch11 Sec6.2.17. ef_get_arg_info(id, iarg, arg_name, arg_title, arg_units) 313
Ch11 Sec6.2.18. ef_get_arg_string(id, iarg, text) 313
Ch11 Sec6.2.19. ef_get_one_arg_string(id, iarg, text) 313
Ch11 Sec6.2.20. ef_get_axis_info(id, iarg, axname, ax_units, backward, modulo, regular) 314
Ch11 Sec6.2.21. ef_get_axis_dates(id, iarg, taxis, numtimes, datebuf) 314
Ch11 Sec6.2.22. ef_get_axis_calendar(id, iarg, calname, yrdays, nmonths, days_in_month) 314
Ch11 Sec6.2.23. ef_get_arg_subscripts(id, arg_lo_ss, arg_hi_ss, arg_incr) 315
Ch11 Sec6.2.24. ef_get_arg_ss_extremes(id, num_args, ss_min, ss_max) 316
Ch11 Sec6.2.25. ef_get_bad_flags(id, bad_flag, bad_flag_result) 316
Ch11 Sec6.2.26. ef_get_coordinates(id, arg, axis, lo, hi, coords) 317
Ch11 Sec6.2.27. ef_get_box_size(id, arg, axis, lo, hi, size) 318
Ch11 Sec6.2.28. ef_get_box_limits(id, arg, axis, lo, hi, lo_lims, hi_lims) 319
Ch11 Sec6.2.29. ef_get_one_val(id, arg, value) 319
Ch11 Sec6.2.30. ef_get_string_arg_element(id, arg, i,j,k,l, str_arg, slen, text) 320
Ch11 Sec6.2.31. ef_get_string_arg_element_len (id, arg, str_arg, i,j,k,l, slen) 320
Ch11 Sec6.2.32. ef_get_string_arg_max_len (id, arg, str_arg, slen) 320
Ch11 Sec6.2.33. ef_version_test (version) 321
Ch11 Sec6.2.34. ef_bail_out(id, text) 321
PART II: COMMANDS REFERENCE
Ref Sec1. ALIAS 323
Ref Sec2. CANCEL 323
Ref Sec2.1. CANCEL ALIAS 323
Ref Sec2.2. CANCEL ATTRIBUTE 323
Ref Sec2.3. CANCEL AXIS 324
Ref Sec2.4. CANCEL MEMORY 327
Ref Sec2.5. CANCEL MOVIE 328
Ref Sec2.6. CANCEL SYMBOL 328
Ref Sec2.7. CANCEL REGION 328
Ref Sec2.8. CANCEL VIEWPORT 329
Ref Sec2.9. CANCEL WINDOW 330
Ref Sec3. CONTOUR 330
Ref Sec4. DEFINE 337
Ref Sec4.1. DEFINE ALIAS 337
Ref Sec4.2. DEFINE ATTRIBUTE 337
Ref Sec4.3. DEFINE AXIS 338
Ref Sec4.4. DEFINE GRID 346
Ref Sec4.5. DEFINE REGION 348
Ref Sec4.6. DEFINE SYMBOL 349
Ref Sec4.7. DEFINE VARIABLE 350
Ref Sec4.8. DEFINE VIEWPORT 353
Ref Sec5. ELIF 356
Ref Sec6. ELSE 356
Ref Sec7. ENDIF 356
Ref Sec8. EXIT 356
Ref Sec9. FILE 357
Ref Sec10. FILL 358
Ref Sec11. FRAME 358
Ref Sec12. GO 359
Ref Sec13. HELP 359
Ref Sec14. IF 360
Ref Sec14.1. IF-THEN-ELSE conditional execution 360
Ref Sec14.2. IF-THEN-ELSE logic for masking 362
Ref Sec15. LABEL 363
Ref Sec16. LET 363
Ref Sec17. LIST 364
Ref Sec18. LOAD 369
Ref Sec19. MESSAGE 370
Ref Sec20. PALETTE 371
Ref Sec21. PATTERN 372
Ref Sec22. PAUSE 373
Ref Sec23. PLOT 373
Ref Sec24. POLYGON 380
Ref Sec25. PPLUS 387
Ref Sec26. QUERY 388
Ref Sec27. QUIT 388
Ref Sec28. REPEAT 388
Ref Sec29. SAVE 392
Ref Sec30. SAY 395
Ref Sec31. SET 395
Ref Sec31.1. SET ATTRIBUTE 395
Ref Sec31.2. SET AXIS 396
Ref Sec31.3. SET DATA_SET 398
Ref Sec31.4. SET EXPRESSION 406
Ref Sec31.5. SET GRID 406
Ref Sec31.6. SET LIST 407
Ref Sec31.7. SET MEMORY 409
Ref Sec31.8. SET MODE 410
Ref Sec31.8.1. SET MODE ASCII_FONT 411
Ref Sec31.8.2. SET MODE CALENDAR 411
Ref Sec31.8.3. SET MODE DEPTH_LABEL 412
Ref Sec31.8.4. SET MODE DESPERATE 412
Ref Sec31.8.5. SET MODE DIAGNOSTIC 413
Ref Sec31.8.6. SET MODE GRATICULE 413
Ref Sec31.8.7. SET MODE IGNORE_ERROR 414
Ref Sec31.8.8. SET MODE INTERPOLATE 414
Ref Sec31.8.9. SET MODE LABELS 415
Ref Sec31.8.10. SET MODE LOGO 415
Ref Sec31.8.11. SET MODE JOURNAL 415
Ref Sec31.8.12. SET MODE LATIT_LABEL 415
Ref Sec31.8.13. SET MODE LONG_LABEL 416
Ref Sec31.8.14. SET MODE METAFILE 417
Ref Sec31.8.15. SET MODE PPLLIST 417
Ref Sec31.8.16. SET MODE REFRESH 417
Ref Sec31.8.17. SET MODE SEGMENTS 418
Ref Sec31.8.18. SET MODE STUPID 418
Ref Sec31.8.19. SET MODE UPCASE_OUTPUT 418
Ref Sec31.8.20. SET MODE VERIFY 419
Ref Sec31.8.21. SET MODE WAIT 419
Ref Sec31.9. SET MOVIE 420
Ref Sec31.10. SET REGION 421
Ref Sec31.11. SET VARIABLE 422
Ref Sec31.11.1. SET VARIABLE/BAD= 422
Ref Sec31.11.2. SET VARIABLE/GRID= 423
Ref Sec31.11.3. SET VARIABLE/TITLE= 423
Ref Sec31.11.4. SET VARIABLE/OFFSET= 424
Ref Sec31.11.5. SET VARIABLE/SCALE= 424
Ref Sec31.12. SET VIEWPORT 424
Ref Sec31.13. SET WINDOW 425
Ref Sec32. SHADE 427
Ref Sec33. SHOW 432
Ref Sec33.1. SHOW ALIAS 432
Ref Sec33.2. SHOW ATTRIBUTE 432
Ref Sec33.3. SHOW AXIS 433
Ref Sec33.4. SHOW COMMANDS 434
Ref Sec33.5. SHOW DATA_SET 434
Ref Sec33.6. SHOW EXPRESSION 436
Ref Sec33.7. SHOW FUNCTION 436
Ref Sec33.8. SHOW GRID 438
Ref Sec33.9. SHOW LIST 439
Ref Sec33.10. SHOW MEMORY 439
Ref Sec33.11. SHOW MODE 440
Ref Sec33.12. SHOW MOVIE 441
Ref Sec33.13. SHOW QUERIES 441
Ref Sec33.14. SHOW REGION 441
Ref Sec33.15. SHOW SYMBOL 441
Ref Sec33.16. SHOW TRANSFORM 442
Ref Sec33.17. SHOW VARIABLES 442
Ref Sec33.18. SHOW VIEWPORT 443
Ref Sec33.19. SHOW WINDOWS 443
Ref Sec34. SPAWN 444
Ref Sec35. STATISTICS 444
Ref Sec36. UNALIAS 445
Ref Sec37. USE 445
Ref Sec38. USER 445
Ref Sec38.1. Objective analysis 446
Ref Sec38.2. Scattered sampling 446
Ref Sec39. VECTOR 447
Ref Sec40. WHERE 453
Ref Sec41. WIRE 453
GLOSSARY
APPENDIX A: EXTERNAL FUNCTIONS
Appendix A Sec1. COMPRESSI 461
Appendix A Sec2. COMPRESSJ 462
Appendix A Sec3. COMPRESSK 462
Appendix A Sec4. COMPRESSL 462
Appendix A Sec5. COMPRESSI_BY 463
Appendix A Sec6. COMPRESSJ_BY 463
Appendix A Sec7. COMPRESSK_BY 464
Appendix A Sec8. COMPRESSL_BY 464
Appendix A Sec9. CONVOLVEI 465
Appendix A Sec10. curv_to_rect_map 465
Appendix A Sec11. curv_to_rect 467
Appendix A Sec12. rect_to_curv 468
Appendix A Sec13. DATE1900 469
Appendix A Sec14. DAYS1900TOYMDHMS 470
Appendix A Sec15. ELEMENT_INDEX 470
Appendix A Sec16. ELEMENT_INDEX_STRING 471
Appendix A Sec17. EOF_SPACE 472
Appendix A Sec18. EOF_STAT 473
Appendix A Sec19. EOF_TFUNC 474
Appendix A Sec20. FINDHI 475
Appendix A Sec21. FINDLO 476
Appendix A Sec22. FFT_IM 476
Appendix A Sec23. FFT_RE 477
Appendix A Sec24. FFT_INVERSE 478
Appendix A Sec25. IS_ELEMENT_OF 478
Appendix A Sec26. IS_ELEMENT_OF_STR 479
Appendix A Sec27. Lanczos 479
Appendix A Sec28. LSL_LOWPASS 480
Appendix A Sec29. MINUTES24 481
Appendix A Sec30. WRITEV5D 482
Appendix A Sec31. XCAT 483
Appendix A Sec32. YCAT 484
Appendix A Sec33. ZCAT 484
Appendix A Sec34. TCAT 484
Appendix A Sec35. ZAXREPLACE_AVG 485
Appendix A Sec36. ZAXREPLACE_BIN 486
APPENDIX B: PPLUS USERS GUIDE
Appendix B Sec1 Introduction 487
Appendix B Sec2 GETTING STARTED 488
Appendix B Sec2.1 VAX/VMS 488
Appendix B Sec2.2 Required Definitions 488
Appendix B Sec2.2.1 Optional Definitions 489
Appendix B Sec3 COMMAND FORMAT 489
Appendix B Sec3.1 THE COMMANDS 489
Appendix B Sec4 COMMAND SYNOPSIS 490
Appendix B Sec4.1 FILES 490
Appendix B Sec4.1.1 Data Files 490
Appendix B Sec4.1.2 Other Data Entry 491
Appendix B Sec4.1.3 PPLUS Output Files 491
Appendix B Sec4.1.4 PPLUS Command Files 491
Appendix B Sec4.2 AXIS 491
Appendix B Sec4.2.1 X- And Y-axis 491
Appendix B Sec4.2.2 Time Axis 492
Appendix B Sec4.3 LABELS 493
Appendix B Sec4.4 COMMAND PROCEDURES 493
Appendix B Sec4.5 COLOR AND FONTS 494
Appendix B Sec4.6 PLOT APPEARANCE 494
Appendix B Sec4.7 PLOT GENERATION 494
Appendix B Sec4.8 DATA MANIPULATION 495
Appendix B Sec4.9 HELP 495
Appendix B Sec5 BEGINNERS GUIDE 496
Appendix B Sec5.1 FORMAT 496
Appendix B Sec5.2 5.2 VARS 496
Appendix B Sec5.3 SKP AND RD 497
Appendix B Sec5.4 PLOT AND CONTOUR 498
Appendix B Sec5.5 EXAMPLES 498
Appendix B Sec5.5.1 Unformatted Data, X-Y Plot 498
Appendix B Sec5.5.2 Pre-gridded Data, Contour Plot 499
Appendix B Sec5.5.3 Ungridded Data, Contour Plot 500
Appendix B Sec5.5.4 Time Series Plot 500
Appendix B Sec6 ROUTING PLOT FILES 501
Appendix B Sec6.1 VAX/VMS 501
Appendix B Sec6.1.1 Plot Files And Mom 501
Appendix B Sec6.1.2 Plotting Devices 502
Appendix B Sec6.1.3 Examples 503
Appendix B Sec7 PPLUS COMMAND FILES 503
Appendix B Sec7.1 INTRODUCTION 503
Appendix B Sec7.2 SYMBOL SUBSTITUTION 504
Appendix B Sec7.3 GENERAL GLOBAL SYMBOLS 505
Appendix B Sec7.4 EPIC GLOBAL SYMBOLS 506
Appendix B Sec7.5 COMMAND FILE LOGIC 507
Appendix B Sec7.6 ARITHMETIC 508
Appendix B Sec7.7 SYMBOL ARRAYS 508
Appendix B Sec7.8 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS 509
Appendix B Sec7.8.1 $EDIT 509
Appendix B Sec7.8.2 $EXTRACT 510
Appendix B Sec7.8.3 $INTEGER 511
Appendix B Sec7.8.4 $LENGTH 511
Appendix B Sec7.8.5 $LOCATE 512
Appendix B Sec7.8.6 $ELEMENT 512
Appendix B Sec7.9 LABELS 513
Appendix B Sec7.9.1 AXIS LABELING 513
Appendix B Sec7.9.2 EMBEDDED STRING COMMANDS 514
Appendix B Sec7.9.3 Pen Selection 516
Appendix B Sec7.9.4 Character Slant 516
Appendix B Sec7.9.5 Subscripting, Superscripting And Back Spacing 516
Appendix B Sec7.10 DATA FORMATS 516
Appendix B Sec7.10.1 SEQUENTIAL FORMATS 516
Appendix B Sec7.10.2 BIBO FORMAT 517
Appendix B Sec7.10.3 EPIC FORMAT 517
Appendix B Sec7.10.4 DSF FORMAT 518
Appendix B Sec7.11 ADVANCED COMMANDS 520
Appendix B Sec7.11.1 %OPNPLT/qualifier 520
Appendix B Sec7.11.2 %CLSPLT/qualifiers 520
Appendix B Sec7.11.3 %PLTLIN,n 521
Appendix B Sec7.11.4 %LABEL/qualifier,x,y,ipos,ang,chsiz,label 521
Appendix B Sec7.11.5 %RANGE,min,max,ntic 522
Appendix B Sec7.11.6 %XAXIS/qualifier,xlow,xhigh,xtic,y[,nmstc][,lint][,xunit][,ipos][,csize][,frmt] 522
Appendix B Sec7.11.7 %YAXIS/qualifier,ylow,yhigh,ytic,x[,nmstc][,lint] [,yunit][,ipos][,csize][,frmt] 523
Appendix B Sec8 PLOT5, PPLUS DIFFERENCES 525
Appendix B Sec9 COMMAND DESCRIPTION 525
Appendix B Sec9.1 @file_name/qualifier arg1 arg2 arg3 ... 525
Appendix B Sec9.2 AUTO,ON/OFF 526
Appendix B Sec9.3 AUTOLAB,ON/OFF 526
Appendix B Sec9.4 AXATIC,ATICX,ATICY 527
Appendix B Sec9.5 AXLABP,LABX,LABY 527
Appendix B Sec9.6 AXLEN,XLEN,YLEN 527
Appendix B Sec9.7 AXLINT,LINTX,LINTY 527
Appendix B Sec9.8 AXLSZE,HGTX,HGTY 527
Appendix B Sec9.9 AXNMTC,NMTCX,NMTCY 527
Appendix B Sec9.10 AXNSIG,NSIGX,NSIGY 527
Appendix B Sec9.11 AXSET,TOP,BOT,LEFT,RIGHT 528
Appendix B Sec9.12 AXTYPE,TYPEX,TYPEY 528
Appendix B Sec9.13 BAUD,IB 528
Appendix B Sec9.14 BOX,ON/OFF 528
Appendix B Sec9.15 C 528
Appendix B Sec9.16 CLSPLT 528
Appendix B Sec9.17 CONPRE,prefix 528
Appendix B Sec9.18 CONPST,postfix 529
Appendix B Sec9.19 CONSET,HGT,NSIG,NARC,DASHLN,SPACLN,CAY,NRNG,DSLAB 529
Appendix B Sec9.20 CROSS,ICODE 530
Appendix B Sec9.21 DATPT,type,mark 530
Appendix B Sec9.22 DEBUG on/off 531
Appendix B Sec9.23 DEC symbol 531
Appendix B Sec9.24 DELETE symbol 531
Appendix B Sec9.25 DFLTFNT,font 531
Appendix B Sec9.26 DIR,arg 531
Appendix B Sec9.27 ECHO,on/off 531
Appendix B Sec9.28 ENGLISH 532
Appendix B Sec9.29 ENTER 532
Appendix B Sec9.30 EVAR/qualifier,x-var,y-var 532
Appendix B Sec9.31 GET,file_name 534
Appendix B Sec9.32 GRID[,LINEAR] 534
Appendix B Sec9.33 HELP,arg 534
Appendix B Sec9.34 HLABS,n,height 534
Appendix B Sec9.35 HLP,arg 534
Appendix B Sec9.36 F expression THEN 535
Appendix B Sec9.37 INC sym 535
Appendix B Sec9.38 LABS/qualifier,n,X,Y,JST,label 535
Appendix B Sec9.39 LABSET,HLAB1,HXLAB,HYLAB,HLABS 536
Appendix B Sec